Bearing capacity and durability of external brick walls of buildings

For buildings of historical development of cities, as well as architectural dominants of urban and rural settlements, the architectural attractiveness of buildings is often created by erecting external load-bearing brick walls, including multilayer ones, as well as curtain external walls with a finishing layer of facing bricks. When designing building envelopes, as well as in the process of researching and assessing the technical condition of building envelopes, it becomes necessary to calculate (assess) the bearing capacity of external walls, to assess their durability. The object of research is the bearing capacity and durability of the outer walls of buildings.
A review of domestic and foreign scientific and technical literature has been carried out. He showed that the overwhelming majority of scientific publications concern the choice of constructive solutions for walls, the purpose and use of new building technologies and materials, their technical characteristics, as well as the assessment of the energy efficiency of the proposed constructive solutions for external walls.
Examples of defects in the outer layer of multilayer bearing walls of brick buildings and recommendations for ensuring the durability of the front layer of a brick wall are given. The requirements of the current building codes for calculating the bearing capacity of multilayer brick walls are considered. An example of calculating an eccentrically compressed multilayer brick wall with equivalent calculated cross-section is given. In order to simplify the calculation of the bearing capacity, it is proposed to use computer programs to determine the geometric characteristics of the equivalent calculated cross-section. In particular, for a short-term application of loads to determine the stresses and analyze the stress state of the equivalent calculated cross-section of the wall, an example of using the program, the constructor of sections PK LIRA-SAPR, is given. It is shown that it is necessary to consider the distribution of stresses over the section under short-term and long-term loading in the design of multilayer brick walls.

1. Glikin S.M. Sovremennyye ograzhdayushchiye konstruktsii i energoeffektivnost' zdaniy [Modern building envelopes and energy efficiency of buildings]. Moscow: GUP TsPP, 2003.157 p. (rus)

2. Vivanocos Jose-Luis. A new model based on experimental results for thermal charactarzation of bricks. Building and Environment. 2009 44. Рp. 1047-11052.

3. SP 15.13330.2020 (SNiP II-22-81 * Kamennyye i armokamennyye konstruktsii [Stone and reinforced masonry structures]). (rus)

4. Malakhova A.N. Konstruktivnyye resheniya naruzhnykh sten kirpichnykh zdaniy [Constructive solutions for the outer walls of brick buildings]. Stroitel'nyye materialy, oborudovaniye, tekhnologii XXI veka. 2009. No. 1. Pp. 22-23. (rus)

5. Malakhova A.N. Defekty naruzhnykh sten zdaniya v mnogosloynoy kirpichnoy kladke [Defects of the external walls of the building in multilayer brickwork]. Vestnik MGSU. 2014. No. 10. Рp. 87-94.

6. Malakhova A.N., Balakshin A.S. Defekty naruzhnykh kirpichnykh sten zdaniy, dostraivayemykh posle dlitel'nogo pereryva [Defects of external brick walls of buildings being completed after a long break]. Vestnik MGSU. 2011. No. 8. Рp. 140-145. (rus)

7. Posobiye po proyektirovaniyu kamennykh i armokamennykh konstruktsiy (k SNiP II-22-81) [Manual for the design of stone and reinforced stone structures (to SNiP II-22-81)]. Moscow: VDPP Gosstroy USSR, 1989.154 p. (rus)

8. Umnikova N. P. Dolgovechnost' trekhsloynykh sten s oblitsovkoy iz kirpicha s vysokim urovnem teplovoy zashchity [Durability of three-layer walls with brick cladding with a high level of thermal protection]. Vestnik MGSU. 2013. No. 1. Рp. 91-100. (rus)

9. Yelchischeva T.E., Elchishcheva M.M. Vliyaniye rezhima zamorozkov na dolgovechnost' naruzhnykh ograzhdayushchikh konstruktsiy v Tsentral'no-Chernozemnom regione [Influence of the frost regime on the durability of external enclosing structures in the Central Black Earth region]. Zhilishchnoe stroitel'stvo. 2012. No. 6. Рp. 32-34. (rus)

10. Bashir M. Suleiman. Thermal Load Calculations of Multilayered Walls. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology. 2012, Vol. 6. № 4. Рp. 627-631.

11. Yumrutas R, Unsa M., Kanog M. Periodic solution of transient heat flow throw through multilayer walls and flat roofs by complex finite Fourier transform technique. Building and Environment. 2005, 40 (3). Рp. 1117-1126.

12. Glikin S.M. Naruzhnyye steny i steny podvalov s teploizolyatsiyey iz penostekla marki «Neoparm» [Outside walls and walls of basements with thermal insulation made of foam glass brand "Neoparm"]. Promyshlennoe i grazhdanskoe stroitel'stvo. 2014. No. 7. Рp. 35-38. (rus)

13. Livshits D.V., Ponomarev O.I., Lomova L.M. Povysheniye dolgovechnosti i sovershenstvovaniye konstruktsiy naruzhnykh kirpichnykh i kamennykh sten energoeffektivnykh zdaniy [Increasing durability and improving the structures of external brick and stone walls of energy-efficient buildings]. Seismicheskoe stroitel'stvo. Safety of structures. 2008. No. 6. Рp. 42-44. (rus)

14. Malakhova A.N. Teplozashchitnaya i nesushchaya sposobnost' naruzhnykh sten maloetazhnykh zdaniy [Heat-shielding and bearing capacity of the outer walls of low-rise buildings]. Stroitel'nyye materialy, oborudovaniye, tekhnologii xxi veka. 2008. No. 1 (108). Рp. 82-83. (rus)

15. Kuritsyna A.M., Fozilov P.A. Vosstanovleniye i uluchsheniye ekspluatatsionnykh kharakteristik naruzhnykh sten zdaniy [Restoration and improvement of the operational characteristics of the outer walls of buildings] Materialy xii Vserossiyskoy nauchno-tekhnicheskoy konferentsii studentov, magistrantov, aspirantov i molodykh uchenykh. [Young thought: science, technology, innovation: Materials of the xii All-Russian scientific and technical conference of students, undergraduates, graduate students and young scientists]. Bratsk. 2020. Рp. 61-65. (rus)

16. Yushchube S.V., Podshivalov I.I., Filippovich A.A. Prochnost' kladki naruzhnykh sten iz pustotelogo keramicheskogo kamnya [Strength of masonry of external walls made of hollow ceramic stone]. Zhilishchnoe stroitel'stvo. 2018. No. 1-2. Рp. 52-54. (rus)

17. Konovalov D.I., Novoseltseva E.L. Osnovnyye defekty trekhsloynykh kirpichnykh sten s oblitsovochnym sloyem iz kirpicha [The main defects of three-layer brick walls with a facing layer of brick]. Obshchestvo. Nauka. Innovatsii (NPK-2017): Vserossiyskaya yezhegodnaya nauchno-prakticheskaya konferentsiya. [Society. The science. Innovations (NPK-2017): All-Russian annual scientific and practical conference]. Vyatka State University. Vyatka. 2017. Рp. 1230-1235. (rus)

18. Kupriyanov V.N., Ivantsov A.I. K voprosu o dolgovechnosti mnogosloynykh ograzhdayushchikh konstruktsiy [To the question of the durability of multilayer enclosing structures]. Izvestiya KGASU. 2011. No. 3 (17). Рp. 63-70. (rus)

19. Ivanov D.S., Dyundin V.E., Pavlova I.L. Analiz primenyayemykh konstruktivnykh i tekhnologicheskikh resheniy teploeffektivnykh naruzhnykh sten zdaniy [Analysis of the applied constructive and technological solutions of heat-efficient external walls of buildings]. Resursoenergoeffektivnyye tekhnologii v stroitel'nom komplekse regiona. 2019. No. 11. Рp. 352-355. (rus)

20. Turchanenko A.K., Smirnov S.I. Osobennosti proyektirovaniya trokhsloynykh ograzhdayushchikh konstruktsiy [Features of the design of three-layer enclosing structures]. Stroitel'stvo unikal'nykh zdaniy i sooruzheniy. 2014. No. 10 (25). Рp. 108-122. (rus)

21. Pavlycheva E.A., Pikalov E.S. Sovremennyye energoeffektivnyye konstruktsionnyye i oblitsovochnyye stroitel'nyye materialy [Modern energy-efficient structural and facing building materials]. International Journal of Applied and Fundamental Research. 2020. No. 7. Рp. 76-87. (rus)

22. Pavlycheva E.A., Pikalov E.S. Kharakteristika sovremennykh materialov dlya oblitsovki fasadov i tsokoley zdaniy i sooruzheniy [Characteristics of modern materials for facing facades and basements of buildings and structures]. International Journal of Applied and Fundamental Research. 2020. No. 4. Рp. 55–61. (rus)

23. Lobov O.I., Ananiev A.I. Dolgovechnost' naruzhnykh sten sovremennykh mnogoetazhnykh zdaniy [Durability of external walls of modern multi-storey buildings]. Zhilischnoe stroitel'stvo. 2008. No. 8. Рp. 48-54. (rus)

24. Panskoy P.A., Yakovlev S.G. [Analysis of the influence of factors affecting the operational reliability and durability of multilayer heat-efficient external walls of buildings]. Nauchnyye itogi goda: dostizheniya, proyekty, gipotezy. 2011. No. 1-1. Рp. 322-328. (rus)

25. Ananiev A.I., Rymarov A.G., Titkov D.G. [Thermal properties and durability of external facing layers of brick walls of buildings]. Promyshlennoe i grazhdanskoe stroitel'stvo. 2021. No. 7. Рp. 22-30. (rus)

26. Anan'ev A.I., Anan'ev A.A. Dolgovechnost' i energoeffektivnost' naruzhnykh sten iz oblegchennoy kirpichnoy kladki [Durability and energy efficiency of external walls made of lightweight brickwork]. Аcademia. Arkhitektura i stroitel'stvo.2010. No. 3. Рp. 352-356. (rus)

27. Kuritsyna A.M., Fozilov P.A. Ekspluatatsionnyye kharakteristiki ograzhdayushchikh konstruktsiy [Operational characteristics of enclosing structures]. Molodaya mysl': nauka, tekhnologii, innovatsii: Materialy xii Vserossiyskoy nauchno-tekhnicheskoy konferentsii studentov, magistrantov, aspirantov i molodykh uchenykh. [Young thought: science, technology, innovation: Materials of the xii All-Russian scientific and technical conference of students, undergraduates, graduate students and young scientists]. Bratsk, 2020. Рp. 57-60. (rus)

28. Erofeev V.T., Elchishcheva T.F., Vatin N.I. Proyektirovaniye konstruktsiy naruzhnykh sten zdaniy pri neblagopriyatnom vozdeystvii sred [Design of structures of external walls of buildings under adverse environmental impact]. Promyshlennoe i grazhdanskoe stroitel'stvo. 2020. No. 8. Рp. 4-15. (rus)

29. Kvarchia G.E., Chesnokova V.D., Cherednichenko T.F. Vliyaniye tekhnologicheskikh resheniy ustroystva fasadnykh sistem na ikh energoeffektivnost' [The influence of technological solutions for the device of facade systems on their energy efficiency]. Aktual'nyye problemy i perspektivy razvitiya stroitel'nogo kompleksa: Trudy mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii. [Actual problems and prospects for the development of the building complex: Proceedings of the international scientific and practical conference]. Volgograd. 2020. Рp. 151-155. (rus)

30. Derkach V.N. Metody otsenki prochnosti kamennoy kladki v otechestvennoy i zarubezhnoy praktike obsledovaniya zdaniy i sooruzheniy [Methods for assessing the strength of masonry in domestic and foreign practice of inspection of buildings and structures]. Vestnik belorussko-rossiyskogo universiteta. 2010. No. 3 (38). Рp. 135-142. (rus)

31. Derkach V.N. Ekspertiza i tekhnologiya usileniya kamennykh konstruktsiy [Expertise and technology of reinforcement of stone structures]. Inzhenerno-stroitel'nyy zhurnal. 2010. No. 7. Рp. 14–20. (rus)

32. Kopanitsa D.G. Eksperimental'nyye issledovaniya fragmentov kirpichnoy kladki na deystviye staticheskoy i dinamicheskoy nagruzki. [Experimental studies of fragments of brickwork on the action of static and dynamic loads]. Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel'nogo universiteta. 2012. No. 4. Рp. 157–178. (rus)

33. Toturbiev B.D., Toturbieva S.A. [Multilayer lightweight block construction of walls]. Promyshlennoe i grazhdanskoe stroitel'stvo. 2019. No. 10. Рp. 35-41. (rus)

34. Gorodetsky A.S., Evzerov I.D. Komp'yuternyye modeli konstruktsiy. [Computer models of structures]. Moscow: ASV, 2009. 360 p.