<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">construction</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Строительство и реконструкция</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Building and Reconstruction</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2073-7416</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Орловский государственный университет имени И.С. Тургенева</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.33979/2073-7416-2024-115-5-70-81</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">construction-809</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ ЗДАНИЙ И СООРУЖЕНИЙ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>BUILDING AND STRUCTURE SAFETY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Нормируемые значения вероятности отказа строительных конструкций</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Standardized values of the failure probability of building structures</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Надольский</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nadolski</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Надольский Виталий Валерьевич, кандидат технических наук, доцент, доцент кафедры «Технологии строительного производства»; доцент кафедры «Строительных конструкций»</p><p>г. Брест</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nadolski Vitali V., candidate of technical science (PhD), docent, associated professor of the department of Building constructions; Associate Professor of the Department of Building Structures</p><p> Brest</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nadolskivv@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>УО «Брестский государственный технический университет» (БрГТУ); Белорусский национальный технический университет</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Brest State Technical University; Belarusian National Technical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>24</day><month>11</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>70</fpage><lpage>81</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Надольский В.В., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Надольский В.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Nadolski V.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://construction.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/809">https://construction.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/809</self-uri><abstract><p>Учитывая изменчивую природу несущей способности и воздействий, проверка проектной надежности строительных конструкций сводится к обеспечению того, что вероятность наступления предельного состояния не должна превышать целевое (допустимое) значение. Этот метод известен как вероятностный метод проверки предельных состояний. Существуют более простые методы проверки предельных состояний для инженерных расчетов, наиболее популярным из которых является метод коэффициентов надёжности. Однако в той или иной степени все существующие методы проверки предельных состояний и, соответственно, методы обеспечения проектной надежности строительных конструкций основаны на вероятностном методе. По этой причине исследования и нормативное закрепление допустимых вероятностей отказа являются одной из первостепенных задач научного сообщества и национальных органов в области разработки строительных норм и правил. На основании аналитического обзора исследований представлено описание вероятности отказа и индекса надежности как мер проектной надежности; зафиксированы положения, на основании которых необходимо назначать целевое значение вероятности отказа, включая прямые и косвенные последствия отказа; представлены результаты сравнения численных значений индексов надежности. Наиболее полная методика определения целевых значений вероятности отказа изложена в международном стандарте ISO 2394. Данный стандарт содержит указания по определению целевых индексов надежности на основе экономической оптимизации, анализа индивидуального или общественного риска, а также индекса качества жизни. Однако данная методика и, в особенности, численные значения индексов надежности требуют адаптации с учетом экономических особенностей конкретной страны.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Taking into account the variable nature of load-bearing capacity and loads, checking the design reliability of building structures leads to ensuring that the probability of occurrence of the limit state should not exceed the target (permissible) value. This method is known as the probabilistic limit state verification method. There are simpler methods for checking limit states for engineering calculations, the most popular of which is the method of reliability factors. However, all existing methods for checking limit states and, accordingly, methods for ensuring the design reliability of building structures are based on the probabilistic method. For this reason, research and the normative consolidation of acceptable failure probabilities are one of the primary tasks of the scientific community and national authorities in the field of developing norms and rules. Based on an analytical review of the research, a description of the probability of failure and the reliability index as measures of design reliability is presented and provisions are fixed on the basis of which it is necessary to assign a target value for the probability of failure, including direct and indirect consequences of failure.</p><p>The conditions for assigning target failure probabilities in regulatory documents are systematized and the results of comparing the numerical values of reliability indices are presented. The most complete methodology for determining the target values of the probability of failure is set out in the international standard ISO 2394. This standard contains guidelines for determining target reliability indices based on economic optimization, analysis of individual or public risk, as well as the quality of life index. However, this methodology, and in particular the numerical values of reliability indices, require adaptation taking into account the economic characteristics of a particular country.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вероятность отказа</kwd><kwd>индекс надежности</kwd><kwd>формат безопасности</kwd><kwd>вероятностный метод</kwd><kwd>коэффициенты надежности</kwd><kwd>неопределенности</kwd><kwd>Еврокод</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>probability of failure</kwd><kwd>reliability index</kwd><kwd>safety format</kwd><kwd>probabilistic method</kwd><kwd>reliability factors</kwd><kwd>uncertainties</kwd><kwd>Eurocode</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Митасов В.М., Адищев В.В., Стаценко Н.В. Концепция предельных состояний и их проверка по российским нормам и Еврокодам // Известия высших учебных заведений. Строительство. 2017. №8. С. 15-23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mitasov V.M., Adishchev V.V., Stacenko N.V. Koncepciya predel'nyh sostoyanij i ih prover-ka po rossijskim normam i Evrokodam [The concept of limit states and their verification according to Russian norms and Eurocodes] Izvestiya vysshih uchebnyh zavedenij. Stroitel'stvo. 2017. Vol.8. P. 15-23. (rus)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Харченко А.О., Харченко А.А., Владецкая Е.А. Использование вероятностных методов оценки надежности технических объектов на примере технологических и автомобильных систем // Мир транспорта и технологических машин. 2019. № 4(67). С. 3-10.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Harchenko A.O., Harchenko A.A., Vladeckaya E.A. Ispol'zovanie veroyatnostnyh metodov ocenki nadezhnosti tekhnicheskih ob"ektov na primere tekhnologicheskih i avtomobil'nyh sistem [The use of probabilistic methods for assessing the reliability of technical objects on the example of technological and automotive systems] Mir transporta i tekhnologicheskih mashin. 2019. Vol. 4(67). P. 3-10. (rus)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Герасимов Е.П. Использование вероятностных методов для вычисления нормативной надежности по трещиностойкости железобетонных изгибаемых элементов // Вестник Сибирского государственного университета путей сообщения. 2018. № 1(44). С. 55-60.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gerasimov E.P. Ispol'zovanie veroyatnostnyh metodov dlya vychisleniya normativnoj nadezhnosti po treshchinostojkosti zhelezobetonnyh izgibaemyh elementov [The use of probabilistic methods for calculating the normative reliability of crack resistance of reinforced concrete bendable elements] Vestnik Sibirskogo gosu-darstvennogo universiteta putej soobshcheniya. 2018. Vol. 1(44). P. 55-60. (rus)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мкртычев О.В., Юрьев Р.В. Оценка надежности консольной плиты при действии повторяющихся землетрясений // Вестник МГСУ. 2010. № 3. С. 147-151.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mkrtychev O.V., YUr'ev R.V. Ocenka nadezhnosti konsol'noj plity pri dejstvii povtoryayu-shchihsya zemletryasenij [Assessment of the reliability of a cantilever plate under the action of repeated earthquakes] Vestnik MGSU. 2010. Vol. 3. P. 147-151. (rus)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тамразян А.Г., Филимонова Е. А. Критерии формирования комплексной целевой функции железобетонной плиты с учетом анализа риска // Вестник МГСУ. 2013. № 10. С. 68-74.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tamrazyan A.G., Filimonova E. A. Kriterii formirovaniya kompleksnoj celevoj funkcii zhelezobetonnoj plity s uchetom analiza riska [Criteria for the formation of a complex target function of a reinforced concrete slab taking into account risk analysis] Vestnik MGSU. 2013. Vol. 10. P. 68-74. (rus)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мкртычев О.В., Райзер В.Д. Теория надежности в проектировании строительных конструкций / Мкртычев О.В., Райзер В. Д. - Москва : Издательство АСВ, 2016. - 908 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mkrtychev O.V., Rajzer V.D. Teoriya nadezhnosti v proektirovanii stroitel'nyh konstrukcij [Theory of reliability in the design of building structures] / Mkrtychev O.V., Rajzer V. D. - Moskva : Izdatel'stvo ASV, 2016.  908 p. (rus)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Райзер В.Д. Очерк развития теории надежности и норм проектирования строительных конструкций // Сейсмостойкое строительство и безопасность сооружений. 2014. №2. С. 29-35.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rajzer V.D. Ocherk razvitiya teorii nadezhnosti i norm proektirovaniya stroitel'nyh kon-strukcij [An essay on the development of the theory of reliability and standards of design of construction structures ] Sejsmostojkoe stroitel'stvo i bezopasnost' sooruzhenij. 2014. No2. P. 29-35. (rus)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тамразян А.Г. Бетон и железобетон – проблемы и перспективы // Промышленное и гражданское строительство. 2014. №8. С. 30-33.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tamrazyan A.G. Beton i zhelezobeton – problemy i perspektivy [Concrete and reinforced concrete – problems and prospects] Promyshlennoe i grazh-danskoe stroitel'stvo. 2014. Vol.8. P. 30-33. (rus)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Уткин В.С., Соловьев С.А., Ярыгина О.В. Расчет несущих элементов конструкций по заданному значению надежности при неполной статистической информации // Строительство и реконструкция. 2020. № 1(87). С. 81-91. DOI: 10.33979/2073-7416-2020-87-1-81-91.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Utkin V.S., Solov'ev S.A., YArygina O.V. Raschet nesushchih elementov konstrukcij po zadan-nomu znacheniyu nadezhnosti pri nepolnoj statisticheskoj informacii [Calculation of load-bearing structural elements according to a given reliability value with incomplete statistical information] Stroitel'stvo i rekonstrukciya. 2020. Vol. 1(87). P. 81 91. DOI: 10.33979/2073-7416-2020-87-1-81-91. (rus)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Diamantidis D., Holický M., Sýkora M. Reliability and Risk Acceptance Criteria for Civil Engineering Structures // Transactions of the VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava Civil Engineering Series. 2016. Vol. 16. P. 1-10. DOI: 10.1515/tvsb-2016-0008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Diamantidis D., Holický M., Sýkora M. Reliability and Risk Acceptance Criteria for Civil Engineering Structures. Transactions of the VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava Civil Engineering Series. 2016. Vol. 16. P. 1-10. DOI: 10.1515/tvsb-2016-0008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Diamantidis D., Sykora M. Reliability differentiation and uniform risk in standards: a critical review and a practical appraisal // Future Trends in Civil Engineering. 2019. P.242-260. DOI: 10.5592/CO/FTCE.2019.11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Diamantidis D., Sykora M. Reliability differentiation and uniform risk in standards: a critical review and a practical appraisal. Future Trends in Civil Engineering. 2019. P.242-260. DOI: 10.5592/CO/FTCE.2019.11.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hingorani R., Tanner P., Prieto M., Lara C. Consequence classes and associated models for predicting loss of life in collapse of building structures. Structural Safety. 2020. Vol. 85. DOI: 10.1016/j.strusafe.2019.101910</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hingorani R., Tanner P., Prieto M., Lara C. Consequence classes and associated models for predicting loss of life in collapse of building structures. Structural Safety. 2020. 85. DOI: 10.1016/j.strusafe.2019.101910</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vrouwenvelder A. C. W. M. Target reliability as a function of the design working life // Structural engineering international. 2010. P. 62-65.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vrouwenvelder A. C. W. M. Target reliability as a function of the design working life . Structural engineering international. 2010. P. 62-65.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тур В. В., Тур А.В., Дереченник С.С. О назначении требуемых мер надежности при разработке национальных нормативных документов по проектированию строительных конструкций // Вестник Брестского государственного технического университета. 2020. № 1. С. 2–15. Doi: 10.36773/1818-1212-2020-119-1-2-15.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tur V.V., Tur A.V., Derechennik S.S. O naznachenii trebuemyh mer nadezhnosti pri razra-botke nacional'nyh normativnyh dokumentov po proektirovaniyu stroitel'nyh konstrukcij [On the appointment of required reliability measures in the development of national regulatory documents on the design of building structures]. Vestnik Brestskogo gosudarstvennogo tekhnicheskogo universiteta. 2020. Vol. 1. P. 2–15. Doi: 10.36773/1818-1212-2020-119 1-2-15. (rus)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Holicky M., Diamantidis D., Sykora M. Reliability levels related to different reference periods and consequence classes. Beton- und Stahlbetonbau. 2018. Vol. 113. P. 22-26. https://doi.org/10.1002/best.201800039</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Holicky M., Diamantidis D., Sykora M.  Reliability levels related to different reference periods and consequence classes. Beton- und Stahlbetonbau. 2018. Vol. 113. P. 22-26. DOI: 10.1002/best.201800039</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baravalle M., Köhler J. A risk-based approach for calibration of design codes // Structural Safety. 2019. Vol. 78. P. 63-75.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baravalle M., Köhler J. A risk-based approach for calibration of design codes. Structural Safety. 2019. Vol. 78. p. 63-75.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Meinen N.E., Steenbergen R.D.J.M. Reliability levels obtained by Eurocode partial factor design - A discussion on current and future reliability levels. Heron. 2018. Vol. 63(3). P. 243-301.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meinen N.E., Steenbergen R.D.J.M. Reliability levels obtained by Eurocode partial factor design - A discussion on current and future reliability levels. Heron. 2018. Vol. 63. No. 3. pp. 243-301.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тур В. В., Надольский В. В. Целевые значения показателей проектной надежности в рамках концепции надежности, принятой в европейских нормах (Еврокодах) // Проблемы современного бетона и железобетона. 2015. Вып. 7. С. 178 – 192.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tur V. V., Nadol'skij V. V. Celevye znacheniya pokazatelej proektnoj nadezhnosti v ramkah koncepcii nadezhnosti, prinyatoj v evropejskih normah (Evrokodah) [Target values of design reliability indicators within the framework of the reliability concept adopted in European standards (Eurocodes) ] . Problemy sovremennogo betona i zhelezobetona. 2015. Vyp. 7. P. 178 – 192. (rus)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Надольский В.В., Тур В.В. Калибровка (определение) частного коэффициента для снеговой нагрузки при расчетах стальных конструкций // Вестник Брестского государственного технического университета. 2013. № 1(79). С. 169–172.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nadol'skij V.V., Tur V.V. Kalibrovka (opredelenie) chastnogo koefficienta dlya snegovoj nagruzki pri raschetah stal'nyh konstrukcij [Calibration (determination) of the partial coefficient for snow load in calculations of steel structures] Vestnik Brestskogo gosudarstvennogo tekhnicheskogo universiteta. 2013. Vol. 1(79). P. 169–172. (rus)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Надольский В.В., Мартынов Ю.С. Оценка требуемого (целевого) уровня надежности на основании предыдущего опыта нормирования // Вестник Полоцкого государственного университета. 2014. № 8. С. 27–34.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nadol'skij V.V., Martynov YU.S. Ocenka trebuemogo (celevogo) urovnya nadezhnosti na os-novanii predydushchego opyta normirovaniya [Assessment of the required (target) level of reliability based on previous rationing experience ] . Vestnik Polockogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. 2014. Vol. 8. P. 27–34. (rus)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Надольский В.В., Голицки М., Сикора М., Тур В.В. Сопоставление уровней надежности, обеспечиваемых нормами Российской Федерации и Евросоюза // Вестник МГСУ. 2013. № 6. С. 7–20. DOI: 10.22227/1997-0935.2013.6.7-20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nadol'skij V.V., Golicki M., Sikora M., Tur V.V. Sopostavlenie urovnej nadezhnosti, obespechivaemyh normami Rossijskoj Federacii i Evrosoyuza [Comparison of reliability levels provided by the norms of the Russian Federation and the European Union] . Vestnik MGSU. 2013. Vol. 6. P. 7–20. DOI: 10.22227/1997-0935.2013.6.7-20. (rus)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nadolski V.V., Holický M., Sýkora M. Comparison of the reliability levels provided by Eurocodes and by standards of the Republic of Belarus // Вестник МГСУ. 2013. № 2. С. 7–21.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nadolski V.V., Holický M., Sýkora M. Comparison of the reliability levels provided by Eurocodes and by standards of the Republic of Belarus . Vestnik MGSU. 2013. Vol. 2. С. 7–21.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ditlevsen O., Friis-Hansen P. Life Quality Index an empirical or a normative concept? // International Journal of of Risk Assessment and Management. 2007. Vol. 7. P. 895 - 921. DOI: 10.1504/IJRAM.2007.014666.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ditlevsen O., Friis-Hansen P. Life Quality Index an empirical or a normative concept? International Journal of of Risk Assessment and Management. 2007. Vol. 7. P. 895 - 921. DOI: 10.1504/IJRAM.2007.014666.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pandey M.D., Nathwani J. Life Quality Index for the Estimation of Societal Willingness-to-Pay for Safety. Structural Safety. 2004. Vol. 26. 181-199. DOI: 10.1016/j.strusafe.2003.05.001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pandey M.D., Nathwani J. Life Quality Index for the Estimation of Societal Willingness-to-Pay for Safety. Structural Safety. 2004. Vol. 26. 181-199. DOI: 10.1016/j.strusafe.2003.05.001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Holický M. Optimisation of the target reliability for temporary structures // Civil Engineering and Environmental Systems. 2013. Vol. 30(2). P. 87-96.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Holický M. Optimisation of the target reliability for temporary structures . Civil Engineering and Environmental Systems. 2013. Vol. 30. No. 2. P. 87-96.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Allen D.E. Limit states criteria for structural evaluation of existing buildings. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 1991. Vol. 18(6). P. 995-1004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Allen D.E. Limit states criteria for structural evaluation of existing buildings. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering. 1991. Vol. 18. No. 6, P. 995-1004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Steenbergen R., Sýkora M., Diamantidis D., Holický M. Economic and human safety reliability levels for existing structures // Structural Concrete. 2015. Vol. 16(3). P. 323-332.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Steenbergen R., Sýkora M., Diamantidis D., Holický M. Economic and human safety reliability levels for existing structures . Structural Concrete. 2015. Vol. 16. No. 3. P. 323-332.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fischer K., Virguez E., Sánchez-Silva M., Faber M.H. On the assessment of marginal life saving costs for risk acceptance criteria. Structural Safety. 2013. Vol. 44. P. 37–46. doi: 10.1016/j.strusafe.2013.05.00.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fischer K., Virguez E., Sánchez-Silva M., Faber M.H. On the assessment of marginal life saving costs for risk acceptance criteria. Structural Safety. 2013. Vol. 44. P. 37–46. doi: 10.1016/j.strusafe.2013.05.00.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tanner P., Hingorani R. Acceptable risks to persons associated with building structures. Structural Concrete. 2015. Vol. 16(3). Pp. 314-22.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tanner P., Hingorani R. Acceptable risks to persons associated with building structures. Structural Concrete. 2015. Vol. 16(3). Pp. 314-22.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sýkora M., Diamantidis D., Holický M., Jung K. Target Reliability for Existing Structures Considering Economic and Societal Aspects // Structure and Infrastructure Engineering. 2017. Vol. 13. P. 181-194.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sýkora M., Diamantidis D., Holický M., Jung K. Target Reliability for Existing Structures Considering Economic and Societal Aspects . Structure and Infrastructure Engineering. 2017. Vol. 13. No. 1. P. 181-194.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eldukair Z.A., Ayyub B.M. Analysis of recent U.S. structural and construction failures // Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities. 1991. Vol. 5. P. 57-73.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eldukair Z.A., Ayyub B.M. Analysis of recent U.S. structural and construction failures . Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities. 1991. Vol. 5. No. 1. P. 57-73.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Steenbergen R.D.J.M., Vrouwenvelder A.C.W.M. Safety philosophy for existing structures and partial factors for traffic loads on bridges. Heron. 2010. Vol. 55(2). P. 123 – 139.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Steenbergen R.D.J.M., Vrouwenvelder A.C.W.M. Safety philosophy for existing structures and partial factors for traffic loads on bridges. Heron. 2010. Vol. 55(2). P. 123 – 139.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vrijling J.K., van Gelder P.H.A.J.M., Ouwenkerk S.J. Criteria for acceptable risk in the Netherlands. // Infrastructure Risk Management Processes. 2005. P. 143-157. DOI: 10.1061/9780784408155.ch05.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vrijling J.K., van Gelder P.H.A.J.M., Ouwenkerk S.J. Criteria for acceptable risk in the Netherlands. Infrastructure Risk Management Processes. 2005. pp. 143-157. DOI: 10.1061/9780784408155.ch05.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vrouwenvelder T., Scholten N. Assessment criteria for existing structures // Structural Engineering International. 2010. Vol. 20. P. 62-65.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vrouwenvelder T., Scholten N. Assessment criteria for existing structures . Structural Engineering International. 2010. Vol. 20. No. 1, pp. 62-65.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aven T., Heide B. Reliability and validity of risk analysis. Reliability Engineering &amp; System Safety, 2009. Vol. 94(11). P. 1862-1868. DOI: 10.1016/j.ress.2009.06.003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aven T., Heide B. Reliability and validity of risk analysis. Reliability Engineering &amp; System Safety. 2009. Vol. 94(11). P. 1862-1868. DOI: 10.1016/j.ress.2009.06.003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cornell C., Jalayar F., Hamburger R., Foutch D. Probabilistic basis for 2000 SAC Federal Emergency Management Agency steel moment frame guidelines. Journal of Structural Engineering ASCE. 2002. Vol. 128(4). p. 526 533.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cornell C., Jalayar F., Hamburger R., Foutch D. Probabilistic basis for 2000 SAC Federal Emergency Management Agency steel moment frame guidelines. Journal of Structural Engineering ASCE. 2002. Vol. 128(4). p. 526–533.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
